(1)

In its communication of 2 December 2020 entitled ‘Digitalisation of justice in the European Union - A toolbox of opportunities’, the Commission identified the need to modernise the legislative framework of the Union’s cross-border procedures in civil, commercial and criminal law, in line with the ‘digital by default’ principle, while ensuring that all necessary safeguards are in place to avoid social exclusion, and ensuring mutual trust, interoperability and security.

(2)

In order to achieve a fully functional area of freedom, security and justice, it is important that all Member States seek to reduce any existing disparities regarding digitalisation of systems and take advantage of opportunities offered by the relevant Union funding mechanisms.

(3)

For the purposes of enhancing judicial cooperation and access to justice, legal acts of the Union providing for communication between competent authorities, including Union bodies and agencies, and between competent authorities and natural and legal persons in civil and commercial matters, should be complemented by establishing the conditions for conducting such communication through digital means.

(4)

This Regulation seeks to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of judicial procedures and to facilitate access to justice by digitalising the existing communication channels, which should lead to cost and time savings, a reduction of the administrative burden, and improved resilience in force majeure circumstances for all authorities involved in cross-border judicial cooperation. The use of digital channels of communication between competent authorities should lead to reduced delays in the processing of cases, in the short term as well as in the long term. That should benefit individuals, legal entities and Member States’ competent authorities, and strengthen confidence in justice systems. Digitalisation of communication channels would also be of benefit in the area of cross-border criminal proceedings and in the context of the Union's fight against crime. In that regard, the high level of security that digital channels of communication can provide constitutes a step forward, also with respect to safeguarding the rights of the persons concerned, such as the right to respect for private and family life and the right to the protection of personal data.

(5)

The fundamental rights and freedoms of all persons concerned by the electronic exchange of data pursuant to this Regulation, in particular the right to effective access to justice, the right to a fair trial, the principle of non-discrimination, the right to respect for private and family life and the right to the protection of personal data, should be fully respected in accordance with Union law.

(6)

When fulfilling their obligations under this Regulation, all entities should respect the principle of the independence of the judiciary, having regard to the principle of separation of powers and the other principles of the rule of law.

(7)

Effective access to justice is a core objective of the area of freedom, security and justice. Digital transformation is a key step towards improving access to justice and the efficiency, quality and transparency of justice systems.

(8)

It is important that appropriate channels and tools are developed to ensure that justice systems can cooperate digitally in an efficient manner. Therefore, it is essential to establish, at Union level, a uniform information technology instrument that allows swift, direct, interoperable, reliable, accessible, secure and efficient cross-border electronic exchange of case-related data between competent authorities. The Commission and the Member States should ensure that legal professionals are involved in the digital transformation of justice systems.

(9)

Tools have been developed for the digital exchange of case-related data, which make it possible to avoid replacing or requiring costly modifications to the existing IT systems already established in the Member States. The e-Justice Communication via the On-line Data Exchange (e-CODEX) system, the legal framework for which is established by Regulation (EU) 2022/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council (3), is the main tool of that type developed to date to ensure the swift, direct, interoperable, sustainable, reliable and secure cross-border electronic exchange of case-related data between competent authorities.

(10)

Digitalisation of proceedings should ensure access to justice for all, including persons with disabilities. The decentralised IT system and the European electronic access point established by this Regulation should comply with the web accessibility requirements set out in Directive (EU) 2016/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council (4). At the same time, the electronic payment methods referred to in this Regulation should comply with the accessibility requirements set out in Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council (5).

(11)

Establishing digital channels for cross-border communication would contribute directly to improving access to justice, by enabling natural and legal persons to seek the protection of their rights and assert their claims, initiate proceedings, and exchange case-related data in digital form with judicial or other competent authorities, in procedures falling under the scope of Union law in the area of civil and commercial matters.

(12)

In order to ensure that electronic communication tools have a positive impact on access to justice, Member States should allocate sufficient resources to the improvement of citizens’ digital skills and literacy and should pay particular attention to ensuring that a lack of digital skills does not become an obstacle to the use of the decentralised IT system. Member States should ensure that training is offered to all justice professionals concerned, including prosecutors, judges and administrative staff, and competent authorities, in order to ensure effective use of the decentralised IT system. Such training should aim to improve the functioning of justice systems across the Union, as well as the upholding of fundamental rights and values, in particular by enabling justice professionals to efficiently address any challenges that might arise during proceedings or hearings held via videoconferencing or other distance communication technology, due to their virtual nature. Member States should be encouraged and supported by the Commission to apply for grants for training activities under the relevant Union financial programmes.

(13)

This Regulation should cover the digitalisation of communication in cases with cross-border implications falling under the scope of certain Union legal acts in civil, commercial and criminal matters. Those acts should be listed in the Annexes to this Regulation. Communication between competent authorities and Union bodies and agencies, such as the European Public Prosecutor’s Office or Eurojust, in cases where they are competent under the legal acts listed in Annex II, should also be covered by this Regulation. Where insolvency practitioners are competent under national law to receive claims lodged by a foreign creditor in insolvency proceedings under Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council (6), they should be considered to be competent authorities within the meaning of this Regulation.

(14)

This Regulation should not affect the rules governing cross-border judicial procedures established by the legal acts listed in Annexes I and II except for the rules related to communication by digital means introduced by this Regulation. This Regulation should be without prejudice to national law on the designation of any authority, person or body dealing with any aspect of the verification and filing of applications, documents and information. The requirements under applicable national law concerning the authenticity, accuracy, reliability, trustworthiness and the appropriate legal form of documents or information should remain unaffected, except for the rules related to the communication by digital means introduced by this Regulation.

(15)

Whether a case is to be considered a matter with cross-border implications should be determined under the legal acts listed in Annexes I and II. Where the legal acts listed in Annexes I and II explicitly state that national law should govern a communication procedure between competent authorities, this Regulation should not apply.

(16)

The obligations under this Regulation should not apply to oral communication such as by phone or in person.

(17)

This Regulation should not apply to the service of documents pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2020/1784 of the European Parliament and of the Council (7), or to the taking of evidence pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2020/1783 of the European Parliament and of the Council (8). Those Regulations already provide for specific rules on digitalisation of judicial cooperation. However, in order to enhance the electronic service of documents which is to be effected directly on a person who has a known address for service in another Member State, this Regulation should introduce certain amendments to Regulation (EU) 2020/1784.

(18)

When the Commission collaborates with external actors in the design and building stages of the European electronic access point, such actors should have experience in secure, user-friendly and accessible IT development.

(19)

In order to ensure secure, efficient, swift, interoperable, confidential and reliable communication between Member States for the purposes of cross-border judicial procedures in civil, commercial and criminal matters, appropriate communication technology should be used, provided that certain conditions relating to the security, integrity and reliability of the document received and the identification of the participants in the communication are met. Therefore, a secure, efficient and reliable decentralised IT system should be established for data exchanges in cross-border judicial procedures. The decentralised nature of the IT system should aim to enable secure data exchanges between competent authorities, without any Union institution being involved in the substance of those exchanges. The decentralised IT system should also make secure data exchanges possible between a Member State and Union bodies and agencies, such as Eurojust, in cases falling under the scope of the legal acts listed in Annex II.

(20)

The decentralised IT system should be comprised of back-end systems in the Member States and the relevant Union bodies and agencies, and interoperable access points through which those systems are linked using secure interconnections. The access points of the decentralised IT system should be based on e-CODEX.

(21)

For the purposes of this Regulation, Member States should be able to use software developed by the Commission (reference implementation software) instead of a national IT system. That reference implementation software should be based on a modular setup, meaning that the software is packaged and delivered separately from the e-CODEX components needed to connect it to the decentralised IT system. Such a setup should enable Member States to reuse or enhance their existing national judicial communication infrastructure for the purpose of cross-border use. For matters relating to maintenance obligations, Member States could also use software developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law (iSupport).

(22)

The Commission should be responsible for the creation, development and maintenance of the reference implementation software, in accordance with the principles of data protection by design and by default, and with accessibility requirements. The Commission should design, develop and maintain the reference implementation software in compliance with the data protection requirements and principles laid down in Regulations (EU) 2018/1725 (9) and (EU) 2016/679 (10) of the European Parliament and of the Council, and Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council (11), in particular the principles of data protection by design and by default as well as a high level of cybersecurity. In particular, any natural or legal person that takes part in creating, developing or maintaining the national IT systems or the reference implementation software should be bound by those requirements and principles. The reference implementation software should also include appropriate technical measures and should allow for organisational measures, including the necessary oversight for ensuring a level of security and interoperability which is appropriate for the exchange of information in the context of cross-border judicial procedures. In order to ensure interoperability with national IT systems, the reference implementation software should be able to implement the digital procedural standards, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2022/850, for the corresponding legal acts listed in Annexes I and II to this Regulation.

(23)

In order to provide swift, secure and efficient assistance to applicants, communication between competent authorities, such as courts and central authorities established under Council Regulations (EC) No 4/2009 (12) and (EU) 2019/1111 (13), should, as a rule, be carried out through the decentralised IT system.

(24)

Transmission through the decentralised IT system could be impossible due to a disruption of the system. Any disruption of the system should be resolved as soon as possible by the relevant Union bodies and the Member States. The transmission could also be impossible in practice due to the physical or technical nature of what has to be transmitted, such as the transmission of physical evidence or the need to transmit the original document in paper format to assess its authenticity, or due to force majeure. Situations of force majeure, as a general rule, follow from unforeseeable and unavoidable events arising from a cause external to the competent authority. Where the decentralised IT system is not used, communication should be carried out by the most appropriate alternative means. Such alternative means should entail, inter alia, transmission being performed as swiftly as possible and in a secure manner by other secure electronic means, by postal service or by transmission in person where such transmission is possible.

(25)

The decentralised IT system should be used by default in the communication between competent authorities. However, for the purposes of ensuring the flexibility of judicial cooperation, other means of communication could be more appropriate in certain situations. This could be appropriate where the competent authorities need direct personal communication, and in particular for direct communication between courts under Regulations (EU) 2015/848 and (EU) 2019/1111, as well as for direct communication between competent authorities under Council Framework Decisions 2005/214/JHA (14), 2006/783/JHA (15), 2008/909/JHA (16), 2008/947/JHA (17), 2009/829/JHA (18), Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (19) or Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 of the European Parliament and of the Council (20) where the communication between the competent authorities could be carried out by any means or any appropriate means, as provided for in those acts. In such cases, competent authorities could use less formal communication means, such as e-mail.

Other means of communication could also be appropriate where the communication involves the handling of sensitive data or where the conversion of voluminous documentation into electronic form imposes a disproportionate administrative burden on the competent authority that sends the documentation. Considering that competent authorities deal with sensitive data, the security and reliability of the information exchange should always be ensured when selecting the appropriate means of communication. The decentralised IT system should always be considered the most appropriate means of exchanging forms established pursuant to the legal acts listed in Annexes I and II to this Regulation. However, forms could be exchanged by other means in cases where the competent authorities of different Member States are present at the same location in a Member State for the purpose of assisting in the execution of judicial cooperation procedures under the legal acts listed in Annex II to this Regulation, if it is necessary due to the urgency of the matter, such as in situations under Directive 2014/41/EU where the issuing authority assists in the execution of the European Investigation Order in the executing State or where competent authorities of different Member States coordinate judicial cooperation procedures under the legal acts listed in Annex II to this Regulation at a meeting in person.

(26)

In relation to the components of the decentralised IT system which are under the responsibility of the Union, in accordance with the security requirements established by Regulation (EU) 2022/850, the entity managing the system’s components should have sufficient resources in order to ensure their proper functioning.

(27)

For the purpose of facilitating the access of natural and legal persons to the competent authorities in civil and commercial matters, this Regulation should establish an access point at Union level, a ‘European electronic access point’, as part of the decentralised IT system, which should contain information for natural and legal persons on their right to legal aid, and through which they should be able to file claims, launch requests, send, request and receive procedurally relevant information, including digitalised case files or parts thereof, and communicate with the competent authorities, or have their representative do so on their behalf, in the instances covered by this Regulation or be served with judicial or extra-judicial documents. The European electronic access point should be hosted on the European e-Justice Portal, which serves as a one-stop-shop for judicial information and services in the Union.

(28)

The right to legal aid or legal assistance as provided for by Union and national law, in particular the right to legal aid as established by Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (21), Council Regulations (EC) No 4/2009 and (EU) 2019/1111 and Council Directive 2003/8/EC (22), applies. Natural and legal persons should be able to access relevant information on the e-Justice Portal through links on the European electronic access point.

(29)

In the context of communication by natural and legal persons with competent authorities in civil and commercial matters in cross-border cases, electronic communication should be used as an alternative to the existing means of communication, including national means, without affecting how natural or legal persons communicate with their national authorities, in accordance with national law. In the case of communication by legal persons with competent authorities, the use by default of electronic means should be encouraged. Nevertheless, to ensure that access to justice through digital means does not contribute to a further widening of the digital divide, the choice of the means of communication between electronic communication, as provided for by this Regulation, and other means of communication should be left to the discretion of the persons concerned. This is particularly important in order to cater for the specific circumstances of persons who might lack the requisite technical means or digital skills to access digital services and persons with disabilities, as the Member States and the Union have committed themselves to taking appropriate measures in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

(30)

In order to enhance electronic cross-border communication and transmission of documents through the decentralised IT system, including through the European electronic access point, those documents should not be denied legal effect and should not be considered inadmissible in the proceedings solely on the grounds that they are in electronic form. However, that principle should be without prejudice to the assessment of the legal effects or the admissibility of those documents, which could constitute evidence in accordance with national law.

(31)

In order to facilitate oral hearings in proceedings in civil, commercial and criminal matters with cross-border implications, this Regulation should provide for the optional use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology.

(32)

Videoconferencing or other distance communication technology should allow the competent authority to authenticate the identity of the persons to be heard, and should enable visual, audio and oral communication during the hearing. A mere phone call should not be considered to be appropriate distance communication technology for oral hearings. The technology used should meet applicable standards for the protection of personal data, of the confidentiality of communications and of data security, irrespective of the type of hearing for which it is used.

(33)

A hearing conducted through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology should not be refused solely on account of the non-existence of national rules governing the use of distance communication technology. In such a case, the most appropriate rules applicable under national law, such as rules on the taking of evidence, should apply mutatis mutandis.

(34)

The right to interpretation should not be affected by this Regulation, and videoconferencing or other distance communication technology used in proceedings in civil, commercial or criminal matters should allow for the use of interpretation.

(35)

In order to facilitate oral hearings in proceedings in civil and commercial matters with cross-border implications, this Regulation should provide for the optional use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology for the participation of the parties or their representatives in such hearings, subject to the availability of the relevant technology, the possibility for the parties to submit an opinion on the use of such technology and the appropriateness of the use of such technology in the specific circumstances of the case. This Regulation should preclude neither persons that assist a party nor public prosecutors in civil and commercial matters from attending the hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology, in accordance with applicable national law.

(36)

The procedure for initiating and conducting hearings through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology should be governed in civil and commercial matters by the law of the Member State where the proceedings take place. Where the recording of hearings is provided for under the national law of the Member State conducting the hearing in civil or commercial matters, the parties should be informed of those provisions, and, where provided for, of the possibility for them to object to the recording.

(37)

When deciding whether to allow the participation of the parties and their representatives in a hearing in civil and commercial matters through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology, the competent authority should choose an appropriate method for exploring the opinions of the parties in accordance with national procedural law.

(38)

Where a competent authority in proceedings in civil or commercial matters has decided to allow the participation of at least one of the parties or other persons in a hearing through videoconferencing, that competent authority should ensure that such persons have access to that hearing through videoconferencing. In particular, the competent authority should send such persons a link to be able to participate in that videoconference and provide technical assistance. For example, the competent authority should provide instructions about the software which will be used and organise, where necessary, a technical test before the hearing. The competent authority should take into account the specific needs of persons with disabilities.

(39)

Where a child participates in proceedings in civil or commercial matters, in particular as a party, under national law, the child should be able to participate in the hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology provided for in this Regulation, taking into account their procedural rights. On the other hand, where the child is participating in the proceedings for the purpose of taking evidence in civil or commercial matters, for example where the child is to be heard as a witness, the child could also be heard through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2020/1783.

(40)

Where a competent authority requests the participation of a person for the purpose of taking evidence in civil or commercial matters, the participation of such person in the hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology should be governed by Regulation (EU) 2020/1783.

(41)

This Regulation should not apply to the use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology in civil and commercial matters where such use is already provided for in the legal acts listed in Annex I, or in matters which do not have cross-border implications. Moreover, this Regulation should not apply to the use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology in notarial authentication procedures.

(42)

In criminal matters, the procedure for initiating and conducting hearings through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology should be governed by the law of the Member State which conducts the hearing. The Member State that conducts the hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology should be understood to be the Member State that has requested the use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology.

(43)

The rules laid down in this Regulation on the use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology for hearings in judicial cooperation procedures in criminal matters should not apply to hearings through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology for the purposes of taking evidence or of holding a trial which could result in a decision on the guilt or innocence of a suspect or an accused person. This Regulation should be without prejudice to Directive 2014/41/EU, to the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union, and to Council Framework Decision 2002/465/JHA (23).

(44)

In order to safeguard the right to a fair trial and the rights of defence, the suspect, the accused or convicted person, or an affected person, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2018/1805, other than a suspect or an accused or convicted person, should give their consent to the use of videoconferencing or other distance communication technology for a hearing in judicial cooperation procedures in criminal matters. It should be possible for the competent authority to derogate from the requirement to seek the consent of the suspect, the accused or convicted person or the affected person, only in exceptional circumstances in which such derogation is duly justified by serious threats to public security and public health, which are shown to be genuine and present or foreseeable. The use of an exemption in respect of seeking consent for videoconferencing should be limited to what is necessary and should fully respect the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’). In the absence of consent being sought, the suspect, the accused or convicted person or the affected person should have the possibility of seeking a review in accordance with national law and in full compliance with the Charter.

(45)

Where the rights of a suspect or of an accused or convicted person are violated in the context of a hearing conducted through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology, access to an effective remedy should be guaranteed in accordance with Article 47 of the Charter. Access to an effective remedy should also be guaranteed for affected persons, other than a suspect or an accused or convicted person, in the context of a hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology in proceedings under Regulation (EU) 2018/1805.

(46)

The competent authorities responsible for a hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology in criminal matters should ensure that communication between the suspect, the accused or convicted person or the affected person in proceedings under Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 and their lawyer, both immediately before and during the hearing, is confidential in accordance with applicable national law.

(47)

Where a hearing through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology is organised in criminal matters, the competent authority that receives the request to set up such a hearing (the ‘requested competent authority’) should ensure that the suspect, the accused or convicted person, or the affected person as defined in Regulation (EU) 2018/1805, including persons with disabilities, have access to the necessary infrastructure to use videoconferencing or other distance communication technology. This should include a responsibility to provide access, for example, to the premises where the hearing is to be held and to the available technical equipment. Where technical equipment is not available on the premises of the requested competent authority, it should be possible for that authority to make the practical arrangements by organising the hearing at the premises of another authority for the purpose of conducting it through videoconferencing or other distance communication technology, if possible, in accordance with national procedures.

(48)

Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council (24) sets up a common Union regulatory framework for the recognition of electronic identification means and electronic trust services (‘e-IDAS trust services’), in particular electronic signatures, electronic seals, time stamps, electronic delivery services and website authentication, which are recognised across borders as having the same legal status as their physical equivalents. Therefore, this Regulation should provide for the use of the e-IDAS trust services for the purposes of digital communication.

(49)

Where a document transmitted as part of electronic communication under this Regulation requires a seal or signature, a qualified electronic seal or signature as defined in Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 should be used by competent authorities and a qualified electronic signature or electronic identification should be used by natural or legal persons. However, this Regulation should not affect the formal requirements applicable to documents produced in support of a request, which could be digital originals or certified copies. This Regulation should also be without prejudice to national law regarding the conversion of documents and to any requirements regarding the authenticity, accuracy, reliability, trustworthiness and appropriate legal form of documents or information, except with regard to the conditions relating to the communication by digital means introduced by this Regulation.

(50)

For the purposes of facilitating payment of fees in cases with cross-border implications falling under the scope of the Union legal acts in civil and commercial matters listed in Annex I, the technical means of electronic payment of fees should comply with the applicable rules on accessibility. The use of payment methods widely available throughout the Union, such as credit cards, debit cards, e-wallet and bank transfers should be possible in an online environment and accessible through the European electronic access point.

(51)

It is necessary, for the purposes of ensuring the full attainment of the objectives of this Regulation and for the alignment of the existing Union legal acts in civil, commercial and criminal matters with this Regulation, that amendments be introduced by this Regulation in the following legal acts: Regulations (EC) No 805/2004 (25), (EC) No 1896/2006 (26), (EC) No 861/2007 (27), (EU) No 606/2013 (28), (EU) No 655/2014 (29), (EU) 2015/848 and (EU) 2018/1805 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Those amendments seek to ensure that communication takes place in accordance with the rules and principles set out in this Regulation. Amendments to Directives and Framework Decisions in civil, commercial and criminal matters are introduced by Directive (EU) 2023/2843 of the European Parliament and of the Council (30).

(52)

In accordance with paragraphs 22 and 23 of the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making (31), the Commission should evaluate this Regulation on the basis of the information collected through specific monitoring arrangements, including quantitative and qualitative assessments for each of the legal acts listed in Annexes I and II to this Regulation, in order to assess the actual effects of this Regulation on the ground, particularly to examine the impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the digitalisation of cross-border judicial cooperation and the need for any further action.

(53)

The reference implementation software developed by the Commission as a back-end system should programmatically collect the data necessary for monitoring purposes and such data should be transmitted to the Commission. Where Member States choose to use a national IT system instead of the reference implementation software developed by the Commission, such a system could be equipped to programmatically collect those data and, in that case, those data should be transmitted to the Commission. The e-CODEX connector could also be equipped with a feature to allow retrieval of relevant statistical data.

(54)

In cases where data on the number of hearings in which videoconferencing was used cannot be collected automatically, and for the purpose of limiting the additional administrative burden of data collection, each Member State should designate at least one court or competent authority for the purpose of establishing a monitoring sample. The designated court or competent authority should be tasked with collecting and providing the Commission with such data on its own hearings, which should serve to provide an estimate of the amount of data necessary for the evaluation of this Regulation for a given Member State. The designated court or competent authority should be competent to conduct hearings through videoconferencing in accordance with this Regulation. In areas where authorities other than courts or prosecutors are considered to be competent authorities within the meaning of this Regulation, such as notaries, the designated monitoring sample should also be representative of their implementation of this Regulation.

(55)

The application of this Regulation is without prejudice to the separation of powers and the independence of the judiciary in the Member States, as well as to procedural rights as enshrined in the Charter and Union law, such as the procedural rights directives, namely Directives 2010/64/EU (32), 2012/13/EU (33), 2013/48/EU (34), (EU) 2016/343 (35), (EU) 2016/800 (36) and (EU) 2016/1919 (37) of the European Parliament and of the Council, and in particular to the right to interpretation, the right of access to a lawyer, the right of access to the case file, the right to legal aid, and the right to be present at the trial.

(56)

Regulations (EU) 2016/679 and (EU) 2018/1725 and Directive (EU) 2016/680 apply to the processing of personal data carried out in the decentralised IT system. In order to clarify the responsibility for the processing of personal data sent or received through the decentralised IT system, this Regulation should indicate who is to be regarded as the controller of the personal data. For that purpose, each sending or receiving entity should be regarded as having determined the purpose and means of the personal data processing separately.

(57)

In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation as regards the establishment of the decentralised IT system, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council (38). The implementing acts should enable Member States to adapt their relevant national IT systems for the purpose of connection to the decentralised IT system.

(58)

Since the objectives of this Regulation, in particular harmonised digitalisation of cross-border judicial cooperation, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States acting alone, on account of, inter alia, it not being possible to guarantee that the IT systems of Member States and Union bodies and agencies are interoperable, but can rather, by reason of coordinated Union action, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). In accordance with the principle of proportionality as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve those objectives.

(59)

In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of Protocol No 22 on the position of Denmark, annexed to the TEU and to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Denmark is not taking part in the adoption of this Regulation and is not bound by it or subject to its application.

(60)

In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 and Article 4a(1) of Protocol No 21 on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area of freedom, security and justice, annexed to the TEU and to the TFEU, and without prejudice to Article 4 of that Protocol, Ireland is not taking part in the adoption of this Regulation and is not bound by it or subject to its application.

(61)

The European Data Protection Supervisor was consulted in accordance with Article 42(1) of Regulation (EC) 2018/1725 and delivered formal comments on 25 January 2022,